Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation
Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say "thank you" when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Here are some expressions of gratitude :
• Thank you very much…
• Thanks…
• I want to thank…
• I keep forgetting to thank you for…
• I should like to Express my gratitude…
• I’m very much obliged to you…
• How can I thank you?
• I’m very grateful to you…
• Thank for your help…
Respon of expressing :
- You are welcome.
- Don’t mention it!
- Not at all.
- It was nothing at all.
- No problem.
- Glad to be of help.
- (it was) my pleasure.
- I am glad I could help.
- I am glad I could do it.
- No big deal
- That’s all right.
- Any time
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing :
• What a nice dress?
• You look great
• You look very nice
• I really must express my admiration for you
• Excellent
• Good grades!
• You look beautiful (handsome)
Response :
• Thank you.
• Really?
• I will
• Thanks a lot, etc.
Time to expressing compliment :
• On his/her general appearance
• If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
• When you visit someone’s house for the first time
When other people do their best
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Expressing :
• Let me congratulate you
• Happy birthday!
• Happy Lebaran Day!
• Merry Christmas!
• Happy New Year!
• Happy Valentine!
• Good!
• That’s great!
• How fortunate.
• Splendid.
• Pretty good.
Responding :
• Thank you
• Thanks, I needed that.
• That’s very kind of you.
• It’s very kind of you to say that.
• Do you really think so?
• You’ve made my day!
• The same to you.
• I’m glad you like it. Thank you, it’s nice of you to say so.
Asking for Information
Asking for InformationThere are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:
* Could you tell me...?
* Do you know...?
* Do you happen to know...?
* I'd like to know...
* Could you find out...?
* I'm interested in...
* I'm looking for..
These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
* I'm calling to find out...
* I'm calling about...
Introductory It
When the subjective is an infinitive phrase
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.
Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
* It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
* It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
* It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
* It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
* It is dangerous to play with fire.
* It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.
* To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
* To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
* To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)
When the subject is a gerund phrase
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’
* It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the anager won’t be any good.)
* It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
* Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good)
* It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)
Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.
It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.
Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
* It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
* It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
* It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
* It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
* It is dangerous to play with fire.
* It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.
* To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
* To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
* To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)
When the subject is a gerund phrase
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’
* It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the anager won’t be any good.)
* It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
* Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good)
* It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)
Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.
It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?
Asking if someone remember or not
Formal expressions:
Ø I wonder if you remember.....
Ø You remember...., don’t you?
Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
Ø Don’t you remember.....?
Ø Do you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:
Ø Let me think, yes, I remember.
Ø I remember especially the scenery.
Ø I’ll never forget that
Ø I’ll always remember.
Ø I can remember it clearly.
Informal expressions:
Ø Remember the old house we used to live in?
Ø Remember that?
Ø I’m sorry I don’t remember
Ways to respond:
Ø Hold on. Yes, got it!
Ø I know.....
Ø It’s coming back to me now.
Respond if you forget:
Ø Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
Ø I’m affraid I forget.
Ø I really can’t remember.
Ø I’m afraid I have no memory of him
Ø Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
Ø Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
Example..
It was Sunday morning, Selly got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her aunt was a little puzzled.
Mrs.Atun : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Selly : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mrs.Atun : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Selly : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !
Ø I wonder if you remember.....
Ø You remember...., don’t you?
Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
Ø Don’t you remember.....?
Ø Do you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:
Ø Let me think, yes, I remember.
Ø I remember especially the scenery.
Ø I’ll never forget that
Ø I’ll always remember.
Ø I can remember it clearly.
Informal expressions:
Ø Remember the old house we used to live in?
Ø Remember that?
Ø I’m sorry I don’t remember
Ways to respond:
Ø Hold on. Yes, got it!
Ø I know.....
Ø It’s coming back to me now.
Respond if you forget:
Ø Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
Ø I’m affraid I forget.
Ø I really can’t remember.
Ø I’m afraid I have no memory of him
Ø Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
Ø Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
Example..
It was Sunday morning, Selly got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her aunt was a little puzzled.
Mrs.Atun : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Selly : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mrs.Atun : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Selly : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !
Offering
Offering is usually used to offer something to someone else.
actual offering types there are many, but this time I am only talking about offering the service / help.
ex :
-what can I do for you ?
-Can I help You ?
-Can I do something for you ?
-Do you want something to eat ?
-Shall I get you something to read ?
Accepting offering service/help :
-thanks very much
-thank's very kind of you
-thank you
-[oh] yes, please
-lovely
Not accepting offering servica/help :
-no, thanks
-that's very kind of you, but . . .
-thanks for offering, but . . .
-no, its all right, really
-no, really, I can manage [thanks].
Ex :
Dicky : "Good morning, Madam. Anything I can do for you ?
Mrs. Tasya : "yes, please. I need a T-shirt size 15.
actual offering types there are many, but this time I am only talking about offering the service / help.
ex :
-what can I do for you ?
-Can I help You ?
-Can I do something for you ?
-Do you want something to eat ?
-Shall I get you something to read ?
Accepting offering service/help :
-thanks very much
-thank's very kind of you
-thank you
-[oh] yes, please
-lovely
Not accepting offering servica/help :
-no, thanks
-that's very kind of you, but . . .
-thanks for offering, but . . .
-no, its all right, really
-no, really, I can manage [thanks].
Ex :
Dicky : "Good morning, Madam. Anything I can do for you ?
Mrs. Tasya : "yes, please. I need a T-shirt size 15.
Senin, 22 Februari 2010
News Item
News Item: is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
a) Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
b) Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
c) Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:
a. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
b. Generally using Simple Past Tense
c. Use of Material Processes to retell the event
d. Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
e. Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
f. focus on Circumstances
g. Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan.
Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
a) Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
b) Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
c) Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:
a. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
b. Generally using Simple Past Tense
c. Use of Material Processes to retell the event
d. Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
e. Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
f. focus on Circumstances
g. Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan.
Preposition in, on and at
Preposition Usage
in You use ‘in’ with periods of times and places.
Ex :
Ω in May
Ω in winter
Ω in New York
on You use ‘on’ with specific days
Ex :
on Friday
on June 7
NOTE : America English : on the weekend OR on Weekends
at You use ‘at’ with specific times and specific places
Ex :
At 7 o’clock
At7.00m a.m
At night
At school
NOTE : British English : at the weekend OR at Weekends
of Its mean belonging to, relating to, or being part of something.
You use ‘of’ with noun and –ing forms
Ex :
a. The legs of the table
b. Of studying
off Ex :
a) Get off
b) Put off
c) Off the glass
After/before Ex :
Before winter
Before June
After summer
After lunch time
for Ex :
For one hour
For a week
For ages
from Ex :
From india
From 7 a.m until 9 a.m
during Ex :
During our holiday
During at night
in You use ‘in’ with periods of times and places.
Ex :
Ω in May
Ω in winter
Ω in New York
on You use ‘on’ with specific days
Ex :
on Friday
on June 7
NOTE : America English : on the weekend OR on Weekends
at You use ‘at’ with specific times and specific places
Ex :
At 7 o’clock
At7.00m a.m
At night
At school
NOTE : British English : at the weekend OR at Weekends
of Its mean belonging to, relating to, or being part of something.
You use ‘of’ with noun and –ing forms
Ex :
a. The legs of the table
b. Of studying
off Ex :
a) Get off
b) Put off
c) Off the glass
After/before Ex :
Before winter
Before June
After summer
After lunch time
for Ex :
For one hour
For a week
For ages
from Ex :
From india
From 7 a.m until 9 a.m
during Ex :
During our holiday
During at night
Minggu, 21 Februari 2010
Gratitude, Compliment & Congratulation
Gratitude, Compliment & Congratulation
Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Congratulating:
Congratulations!
Congratulations on your success!
Happy birthday!
Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year!
Happy Valentine!
Happy anniversary!
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
on his/her general appearance
if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
when you visit someone’s house for the first time
when other people do their best
Complimenting:
What a nice dress!
You look great.
You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
I really must express my admiration for your dance.
Good grades!
Excellent!
Nice work!
Good job!
Gratitude ] is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Thanking:
Thank you very much
Thank you for your help
I’m really very grateful to you
You’re welcome
Don’t mention it
It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
I am grateful to your help
Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Congratulating:
Congratulations!
Congratulations on your success!
Happy birthday!
Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year!
Happy Valentine!
Happy anniversary!
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
on his/her general appearance
if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
when you visit someone’s house for the first time
when other people do their best
Complimenting:
What a nice dress!
You look great.
You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
I really must express my admiration for your dance.
Good grades!
Excellent!
Nice work!
Good job!
Gratitude ] is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Thanking:
Thank you very much
Thank you for your help
I’m really very grateful to you
You’re welcome
Don’t mention it
It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
I am grateful to your help
Rabu, 17 Februari 2010
simple Future tense
The definition of future tense
The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.
The simple future is used :
to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Sarry tonight.
Are you going to meet Sarry tonight?
You are not going to meet Sarry tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• Will you make dinner?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
• I will call you when I arrive.
• If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• Don't worry, I'll be careful.
• I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
• He is going to spend his vacation in India.
• She is not going to spend her vacation in India.
• A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 7 PM.
• I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
• Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
• They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
• Who are you going to invite to the party?
• A: Who is going to make Jono's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make Jono's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
• The year 2223 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2223 is going to be a very interesting year.
• Anne Smith will be the next President.
• Anne Smith is going to be the next President.
• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
• When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
• When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You will never help him.
• Will you ever help him?
• You are never going to meet Jane.
• Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
• John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
• The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
• Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
• A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
• The Formula with verb sentence :
• Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
• Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object
• Example :
• nhiya will visit tokyo(+)
• Kajol will not visit India(-)
• Will shasya visit china? (?)
• The formula with nominal sentence :
• Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
• Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement
The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.
The simple future is used :
to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Sarry tonight.
Are you going to meet Sarry tonight?
You are not going to meet Sarry tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• Will you make dinner?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
• I will call you when I arrive.
• If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• Don't worry, I'll be careful.
• I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
• He is going to spend his vacation in India.
• She is not going to spend her vacation in India.
• A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 7 PM.
• I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
• Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
• They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
• Who are you going to invite to the party?
• A: Who is going to make Jono's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make Jono's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
• The year 2223 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2223 is going to be a very interesting year.
• Anne Smith will be the next President.
• Anne Smith is going to be the next President.
• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
• When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
• When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You will never help him.
• Will you ever help him?
• You are never going to meet Jane.
• Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
• John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
• The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
• Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
• A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
• The Formula with verb sentence :
• Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
• Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object
• Example :
• nhiya will visit tokyo(+)
• Kajol will not visit India(-)
• Will shasya visit china? (?)
• The formula with nominal sentence :
• Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
• Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement
Descriptive text
Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .* Text structure:
- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or
Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or
Characteristic.
* Language figures:
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.
* Characteristic:
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.
* Grammatical features:
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups
